化学分析
Common challenges
There is considerable interest in emerging materials due to their extreme strength, flexibility, optical transparency and thermal conductivity. To better understand the unique properties of these materials, researchers frequently study the chemical constituents, contents, distribution, and interaction of matters, as well as reveal how these attributes change over time. These chemical analyses require single-molecule detection and imaging technologies as well as the ability to survey the results in situ under extreme temperature, pressure, velocity, radiation and vacuum conditions. Useful information to identify and quantify changes in chemical properties include:
- Chemical state relative to a distinct nanostructure or nanoparticle
- Density and symmetry of chemical properties
- Stability, phase transitions and redistribution
Innovative techniques
To adequately characterize and understand the chemical properties of your materials, you must first ensure each specimen is of the highest quality to resolve the material interface and properly controlled so you manipulate it, when necessary, under environmental stimuli. Once prepared, several techniques are available to better understand the relationship between microstructure, defects and the chemical properties of materials.
Atomic resolution chemical and compositional analysis.
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Family of imaging techniques to enhance, map and quantify elements and chemicals in an image with nanometer resolution.
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Systematic method to generate a spatially resolved distribution of EELS data.
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Award winning, high resolution imaging tools help you to understand material growth, devices ultrastructure and failures.
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Unique insight into the chemical and electronic properties of materials at the microscopic level.
For more information, visit WhatIsCL.info.
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High-performance tools to cut, etch, polish and freeze samples for your unique SEM, TEM or STEM application.
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Visit compositional analysis or metals and alloys learn about related applications.
Enabling results
Localized chemical state
The multiple linear least squares (MLLS) fitting routine is useful to map the chemical phases within a material. When you specify reference spectra that represent the main phases present, the analysis returns fit-coefficient maps showing the spatial distribution of the reference spectra. Here you can see how this technique provides insight into the chemical state of a diamond interface after C ion implantation. Results in collaboration with and courtesy of NMMU, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
Chemical analysis
Graphene is known for its inherent strength, electrical and thermal conduction capabilities. One notable property is that graphene is the only form of carbon in which every atom is available for chemical reaction from two sides. Therefore, graphene can be more chemically reactive when you compare a single-layer to thicker sheets. Knowledge of the chemical reactivity is important when you incorporate graphene into emerging materials and devices. In this example, you can see how researchers evaluate multiple graphitic layers of an annealed sample that were exposed to high temperatures. Orange C K spectrum shows the highest π*/σ* and its peak shifted at the highest energy.
出版物
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Virtual and Physical Prototyping2022
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Time-resolved imaging of stochastic cascade reactions over a submillisecond to second time range at the angstrom level
Journal of American Chemical Society2022Shimizu, T.; Lungerich, D.; Harano, K.; Nakamura, E. -
Imaging of isotope diffusion using atomic-scale vibrational spectroscopy
Nature2022Senga, R.; Lin, Y. -C.; Morishita, S.; Kato, R.; Yamada, T.; Hasegawa, M.; Suenaga, K. -
Disentangling multiple scattering with deep learning: application to strain mapping from electron diffraction patterns
arXiv2022Munshi, J.; Rakowski, A.; Savitzky, B. H.; Zeltmann, S. E.; Ciston, J.; Henderson, M.; Cholia, S.; Minor, A. M.; Chan, M. K. Y.; Ophus, C. -
An in-situ TEM study into the role of disorder, temperature and ballistic collisions on the accumulation of helium bubbles and voids in glass-ceramic composites
Journal of Nuclear Materials2021Mir, A. H.; Hyatt, N. C.; Donnelly, S. E. -
Oxygen evolution reaction in Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‑δ aided by intrinsic Co/Fe spinel-like surface
Journal of American Chemical Society2020Shen, T. -H.; Spillane, L.; Vavra, J.; Pham, T. H. M.; Peng, J.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Tileli, V. -
Solid-solution hardening of WC by rhenium
Journal of the European Ceramic Society2019Zhao, C.; Lu, H.; Wang, H.; Tang, F.; Nie, H.; Hou, C.; Liu, X.; Song, X.; Nie, Z. -
Isotopic compositions, nitrogen functional chemistry, and low-loss electron spectroscopy of complex organic aggregates at the nanometer scale in the carbonaceous chondrite Renazzo
Meteoritics & Planetary Science2019Vollmer, C.; Leitner, J.; Kepaptsoglou, D.; Ramasse, Q. M.; Busemann, H.; Hoppe, P. -
Real-space charge-density imaging with sub-ångstrom resolution by four-dimensional electron microscopy
Nature2019Gao, W.; Addiego, C.; Wang, H,; Yan, X.; Hou, Y.; Ji, D.; Heikes, C.; Zhang, Y.; Li, L.; Huyan, H.; Blum, T.; Aoki, T.; Nie, Y.; Schlom, D.; Wu, R.; Pan, X. -
Direct microscopic analysis of individual C60 dimerization events: Kinetics and mechanisms
Journal of American Chemical Society2017Okada, S.; Kowashi, S.; Schweighauser, L.; Yamanouchi, K.; Harano, K.; Nakamura, E. -
Site-selective CO disproportionation mediated by localized surface plasmon resonance excited by electron beam
Nature Materials2019Yang, W. -C. D.; Wang, C.; Fredin, L. A.; Lin, P. A.; Shimomoto, L.; Lezec, H. J.; Sharma, R. -
Direct detection electron energy-loss spectroscopy: A method to push the limits of resolution and sensitivity
Nature Scientific Reports2017Hart, J. L.; Lang, A. C.; Leff, A. C.; Longo, P.; Trevor, C.; Twesten, R. D.; Taheri, M. L. -
Investigation of plasmon resonance in metal/dielectric nanocavities for high-efficiency photocatalytic device
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics2017Rajput, N. S.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Li, X. -H.; Kim, S. -G.; Jouiad, M. -
Structure and chemistry of epitaxial ceria thin films on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates, studied by high resolution electron microscopy
Ultramicroscopy2017Sinclair, R.; Lee, S. C.; Shi, Y.; Chueh, W. C. -
Distinct carbon growth mechanisms on the components of Ni/YSZ materials
Materials Chemistry and Physics2016Kogler, M.; Köck, E. -M.; Stöger-Pollach, M.; Schwarz, S.; Schachinger, T.; Klötzer, B.; Penner, S. -
The role of intergranular chromium carbides on intergranular oxidation of nickel based alloys in pressurized water reactors primary water
EMAS 2015 Workshop2016Gaslain, F. O. M.; Le, H. T.; Duhamel, C.; Guerre, C.; Laghoutaris, P. -
Heterogeneous diamond phases in compressed graphite studied by electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Diamond and Related Materials2016Sato, Y.; Bugnet, M.; Terauchi, M.; Botton, G. A.; Yoshiasa, A. -
Fundamentals of electron energy-loss spectroscopy
EMAS 2015 Workshop2016Hofer, F.; Schmidt, F. P.; Grogger W.; Kothleitner, G. -
Nitrogen nanobubbles in a-SiOxNy coatings: evaluation of its physical properties and chemical bonding state by spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Journal of Physical Chemistry2016Lacroix, B.; Godinho, V.; Fernández, A. -
Unravelling structural ambiguities in lithium- and manganese-rich transition metal oxides
Nature Communications2015Shukla, A. K.; Ramasse, Q. M.; Ophus, C.; Duncan, H.; Hage, F.; Chen, G. -
Fast STEM spectrum imaging using simultaneous EELS and EDS
Microscopy Today2012Longo, P.; Twesten, R. -
Review of recent advances in spectrum imaging and its extension to reciprocal space
Japan Society of Microscopy2009Maigne, A.; Twesten, R. D. -
A model study on the carburization process of iron-based Fischer–Tropsch catalysts using in situ TEM–EELS
Applied Catalysis B: Environmental2011Janbroers, S.: Crozierc, P. A.; Zandbergen, H. W.; Kooyman, P. J. -
Visualisation of single atom dynamics and their role in nanocatalysts under controlled reaction environments
Chemical Physics Letters2014Gai, P. L.; Lari, L.; Ward, M. R.; Boyes, E. D. -
Gold catalyzed nickel disilicide formation: A new solid–liquid-solid phase growth mechanism
Nano Letters2013Tang, W.; Picraux, S. T.; Huang, J. H.; Liu, X.; Tu, K. N.; Dayeh, S. A. -
Anisotropic nanocrystal dissolution observation by in situ transmission electron microscopy
Nano Letters2012Cordeiro, M. A. L.; Crozier, P. A.; Leite, E. R. -
The role of Pd–Ga bimetallic particles in the bifunctional mechanism of selective methanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation on a Pd/Ga2O3 catalyst
Journal of Catalysis2012Collins, S. E.; Delgado, J. J.; Mira, C.; Calvino, J. J.; Bernal, S. B.; Chiavassa, D. L.; Baltanás, M. A.; Bonivardi, A. L. -
H2 production by selective photo-dehydrogenation of ethanol in gas and liquid phase on CuOx/TiO2 nanocomposites
RSC Advances2013Ampelli, C.; Passalacqua, R.; Genovese, C.; Perathoner, S.; Centi, G.; Montini, T.; Gomba, V.; Jaen, J. J. D.; Fornasiero, P. -
Nano-structural investigation of Ag/Al2O3 catalyst for selective removal of O2 with excess H2 in the presence of C2H4
Applied Catalysis A: General2011Inceesungvorn, B.; López-Castro, J.; Calvino, J. J.; Bernal, S.; Meunier, F. C.; Hardacre, C.; Griffin, K.; Delgado, J. J. -
Hand book of nanoscopy
Wiley-VCH2012Van Tendeloo, G.; Van Dyck, D.; Pennycook, S. J. -
Enhanced desorption and absorption properties of eutectic LiBH4–Ca(BH4)2 infiltrated into mesoporous carbon
Journal of Physical Chemistry2011Lee, H. S.; Lee, Y. S.; Suh, J. Y.; Kim, M.; Yu, J. S.; Cho, Y. W. -
Elucidating elementary processes at Cu/ZnO interfaces: A microscopical approach
Physica Status Solidi2013Zychma, A.; Wansing, R.; Schott, V.; Köhler, U.; Wöll, C.; Muhler, M.; Birkner, A. -
Microstructural analysis of dehydrogenation products of the Ca(BH4)2–MgH2 composite
Microscopy and Microanalysis2013Kim, J. M.; Kim, Y.; Shim, J. H.; Lee, Y. S.; Suh, J. Y.; Ahn, J. P.; Kim, G. H.; Cho, Y. W. -
Structural evolution of magnesium difluoride: from an amorphous deposit to a new polymorph
Inorganic Chemistry2011Bach, A.; Fischer, D.; Mu, X.; Sigle, W.; van Aken, P. A.; Jansen, M. -
Evolution of order in amorphous-to-crystalline phase transformation of MgF2
Journal of Applied Crystallography2013Mu, X.; Neelamraju, S.; Sigle, W.; Koch, C. T.; Totò, N.; Schön, J. C.; Bach, A.; Fischer, D.; Jansen, M.; van Aken, P. A. -
Novel synthesis of Al2O3 nano-particles by flame spray pyrolysis
Journal of Materials Processing Technology2006Tok, A. I. Y.; Boey, F. Y. C.; Zhao, X. L. -
TEM analysis of Gd5(SixGel−x)4, where x=1/2
Acta Materialia2003Meyers, J. S.; Chumbley, S.; Laabs, F.; Pecharsky, A. O. -
Fe speciation in geopolymers with Si/Al molar ratio of ∼2
Journal of the European Ceramic Society2007Perera, D. S.; Cashion, J. D.; Blackford, M. G.; Zhang, Z.; Vance, E. R. -
Nanoimaging and spectroscopic analysis of rubber/ZnO interfaces by energy-tiltering transmission electron microscopy
Langmuir2006Horiuchi, S.; Dohi, H. -
Heterogeneity of a vulcanized rubber by the formation of ZnS clusters
Polymer2007Dohi, H.; Horiuchi, S. -
Nanoscale analysis of polymer interfaces by energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics2005Horiuchi, S.; Yin, D.; Ougizawa, T. -
Influence of a single grain boundary on domain wall motion in ferroelectrics
Advanced Functional Materials2014Marincel, D. M.; Zhang, H.; Kumar, A.; Jesse, S.; Kalinin, S. V.; Rainforth, W. M.; Reaney, I. M.; Randall, C. A.; Trolier-McKinstry, S. -
Experimental method for determining Cliff–Lorimer factors in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) utilizing stepped wedge-shaped specimens prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) thinning
Ultramicroscopy1999Longo, D. M.; Howe, J. M.; Johnson, W. C. -
Ga ordering and electrical conductivity in nanotwin and superlattice-structured Ga-doped ZnO
Crystal Growth and Design2012Yoon, S. W.; Seo, J. H.; Seong, T. Y.; Yu, T. H.; You, Y. H.; Lee, K. B.; Kwon, H.; Ahn, J. P. -
Development of a focused ion beam (FIB) technique to minimize X-ray fluorescence during energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of FIB specimens in the transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Ultramicroscopy1999Longo, D. M.; Howe, J. M.; Johnson, W. C. -
Electronic structure of supelattice and twin in Ga doped ZnO measured by monochromated EELS
Microscopy and Microanalysis2011Chang, H.; Yoon, S.; Seong, T.; Yu, T.; Yuo, Y.; Ahn, J. -
Orientation dependence of shock-induced twinning and substructures in a copper bicrystal
Acta Materialia2010Cao, F.; Beyerlein, I. J.; Addessio, F. L.; Sencer, B. H.; Trujillo, C. P.; Cerreta, E. K.; Gray III, G. T. -
Thermally robust anion-chain order in oxynitride perovskites
Chemistry of Materials2013Clark, L.; Oró-Solé, J.; Knight, K. S.; Fuertes, A.; Attfield, J. P. -
On resolution in electron tomography of beam sensitive materials
Journal of Physical Chemistry2014Chen, D.; Friedrich, H.; de With, G. -
Interactions of gold nanoparticles with the interior of hollow graphitized carbon nanofibers
Small2012La Torre, A.; Fay, M. W.; Rance, G. A.; Gimenez-Lopez, M. d. C.; Solomonsz, W. A.; Brown, P. D.; Khlobystov, A. N. -
Electron microscopy of pharmaceutical systems
Micron2013Klang, V.; Valenta, C.; Matsko, N. B. -
TEM studies of nanostructure in melt-spun Mg-Ni-La alloy manifesting enhanced hydrogen desorbing kinetics
Journal of Alloys and Compounds2009Tanaka, K.; Miwa, T.; Sasaki, K.; Kuroda, K. -
The sol-gel synthesis of perovskites by an EDTA/citrate complexing method involves nanoscale solid state reactions
Solid State Sciences2008Feldhoff, A.; Arnold, M.; Martynczuk, J.; Gesing, Th. M.; Wang, H. -
Reduction and immobilization of hexavalent chromium by microbially reduced Fe-bearing clay materials
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta2014Bishop, M. E.; Glasser, P.; Dong, H.; Arey, B. W.; Kovarik, L. -
Fe and Mn oxidation states by TEM-EELS in fine-particle emissions from a Fe-Mn alloy making plant.
Environmental Science and Technology2013Marris, H.; Deboudt, K.; Flament, P.; Grobéty, B.; Gieré, R. -
Block copolymer self-assembly-directed single-crystal homo- and heteroepitaxial nanostructures
Science2010Arora, H.; Du, P.; Tan, K. W.; Hyun, J. K.; Grazul, J.; Xin, H. L.; Muller, D. A.; Thompson, M. O.; Wiesner, U. -
EELS characterization of radiolytic products in frozen samples
Micron2011Aronova, M. A.; Sousa, A. A.; Leapman, R. D. -
Combining HRTEM–EELS nano-analysis with capacitance–voltage measurements to evaluate high-κ thin films deposited on Si and Ge as candidate for future gate dielectrics
Microelectronic Engineering2011Schamm-Chardon, S.; Coulon, P.E.; Lamagna, L.; Wiemer, C.; Baldovino, S.; Fanciulli, M. -
Complete composition tunability of InGaN nanowires using a combinatorial approach
Nature Materials2007Kuykendall, T.; Ulrich, P.; Aloni, S.; Yang, P. -
Local indium segregation and band gap variations in high efficiency green light emitting InGaN/GaN diodes
Solid State Communications2006Jinschek, J. R.; Erni, R.; Gardner, N. F.; Kim, A. Y.; Kisielowski, C. -
TEM studies of Nb2O5 catalyst in ball-milled MgH2 for hydrogen storage
Journal of Alloys and Compounds2008Porcu, M.; Petford-Long, A. K.; Sykes, J. M. -
Mn-SBA15 catalysts prepared by impregnation: Influence of the manganese precursor
Applied Catalysis A: General2011Pérez, H.; Navarro, P.; Delgado, J. J.; Montes, M. -
In situ analysis of gas composition by electron energy-loss spectroscopy for environmental transmission electron microscopy
Ultramicroscopy2011Crozier, P. A.; Chenna, S. -
Insights into the nature of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts from quasi in-situ TEM-EELS and XRD
Journal of Catalysis2009Janbroers, S.; Louwen, J. N.; Zandbergen, H. W.; Kooyman, P. J. -
Influence of turbostratic carbon nanostructures on electrical conductivity in shales
International Journal of Coal Geology2014Walters, C. C.; Kliewer, C. E.; Awwiller, D. N.; Rudnicki, M. D.;Passey, Q. R.; Lin, M. W. -
Iron partitioning and density changes of pyrolite in earth's lower mantle
Science2010Irifune, T.; Shinmei, T.; McCammon, C. A.; Miyajima, N.; Rubie, D. C; Frost, D. J. -
TEM-EELS study of natural ferrihydrite from geological-biological interactions in hydrothermal systems
Earth and Planetary Science Letters2004Gloter, A.; Zbinden, M.; Guyot, F.; Gaill, F.; Colliex, C. -
Enhanced visible-light absorption and dopant distribution of iodine-TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by a new facile two-step hydrothermal method
Journal of Solid State Chemistry2011Hong, X.; Luo, Z.; Batteas, J. D. -
High-angular-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy of hexagonal boron nitride
Applied Physics Letters2007Arenal, R. -
Low voltage EELS - How low?
Ultramicroscopy2014Stöger-Pollach, M. -
Advanced synthesis of materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells
Progress in Materials Science2012Shao, Z. -
Subparticle ultrafast spectrum imaging in 4D electron microscopy
Science2012Yurtsever, A.; van der Veen, R. M.; Zewail, A. H. -
Gentle STEM: ADF imaging and EELS at low primary energies
Ultramicroscopy2010Krivanek, O. L.; Dellby, N.; Murfitt, M. F.; Chisholm, M. F.; Pennycook, T. J.; Suenaga, K.; Nicolosi, V. -
Arsenic dopant mapping in state-of-the-art semiconductor devices using electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Micron2009Servanton, G.; Pantel, R. -
Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy of GaAs quantum dots fabricated by filling of droplet-etched nanoholes
Journal of Crystal Growth2011Nemcsics, Á.; Heyn, Ch.; Tóth, L.; Dobos, L.; Stemmann, A.; Hansen, W. -
Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy analyses of GaAs/Si interfaces in wafer-bonded multi-junction solar cells
Ultramicroscopy2013Häussler, D.; Houben, L.; Essig, S.; Kurttepeli, M.; Dimroth, F.; Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. -
Optical properties and bandgaps from low loss EELS: Pitfalls and solutions
Micron2008Stöger-Pollach, M. -
Seeing and measuring in colours: Electron microscopy and spectroscopies applied to nano-optics
Comptes Rendus Physique2014Kociak, M,; Stéphan, O.; Gloter, A.; Zagonel, L. F.; Tizei, L. H. G.; Tencé, M.; March, K.; Blazit, J. D.; Mahfoud, Z.; Losquin, A.; Meuret, S.; Colliex, C. -
Spectroscopic characterizations of individual single-crystalline GaN nanowires in visible/ultra-violet regime
Micron2010Wu, C. T.; Chu, M. W.; Chen, L. C.; Chen, K. H.; Chen, C. W.; Chen, C. H. -
Nanoscale EELS analysis of dielectric function and bandgap properties in GaN and related materials
Micron2000Borckt, G.; Lakner, H. -
Direct observation by transmission electron microscopy of the influence of Ni catalyst-seeds on the growth of GaN–AlGaN axial heterostructure nanowires
Journal of Crystal Growth2011Lari, L.; Walther, T.; Gass, M.H.; Geelhaar, L.;Chèze, C.; Riechert, H.; Bullough, T. J.; Chalker, P. R. -
Mapping titanium and tin oxide phases using EELS: An application of independent component analysis
Ultramicroscopy2011de la Peña, F.; Berger, M. H.; Hochepied, J. F.; Dynys, F.; Stephan, O.; Walls, M. -
Fe valence determination and Li elemental distribution in lithiated FeO0.7F1.3/C nanocomposite battery materials by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)
Micron2012Cosandeya, F.; Suc, D.; Sinaa, M.; Pereiraa, N.; Amatuccia, G. G. -
Capacity fade of LiAlyNi1-x-yCoxO2 cathode for lithium-ion batteries during accelerated calendar and cycle life tests (surface analysis of LiAlyNi1-x-yCoxO2 cathode after cycle tests in restricted depth of discharge ranges)
Journal of Power Sources2014Watanabe, S.; Kinoshita, M.; Hosokawa, T.; Morigaki, K.; Nakura, K. -
Tracking lithium transport and electrochemical reactions in nanoparticles
Nature Communications2012Wang, F.; Yu, H. C.; Chen, M. H.; Wu, L.; Pereira, N.; Thornton, K.; Van der Ven, A.; Zhu, Y.; Amatucci, G. G.; Graetz, J. -
Two-phase separation in a lithiated spinel Li4Ti5O12 crystal as confirmed by electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Journal of Power Sources2014Kitta, M.; Akita, T.; Tanaka, S.; Kohyama, M. -
Electron microscopy analysis of Ti-substituted Li2MnO3 positive electrode before and after carbothermal reduction
Journal of Power Sources2014Akita, T.; Tabuchi, M.; Nabeshima, Y.; Tatsumi, K.; Kohyama, M. -
Characterization of two phase distribution in electrochemically-lithiated spinel Li4Ti5O12 secondary particles by electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Journal of Power Sources2013Kitta, M.; Akita, T.; Tanaka, S.; Kohyama, M. -
STEM characterization for lithium-ion battery cathode materials
Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science2012Huang, R.; Ikuhara, Y.